These findings provide further incentive to recapitulate the legitimacy of current control measures and resolve dynamics of resistance in human head louse populations.Ĭutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by intracellular obligate parasites (Leishmania spp.) carried by the blood-sucking of female sandflies and transmitted between mammalian hosts. The detection of six amino acid substitutions from 30% of examined head lice among infested schoolgirls reveal that mutants are minutely developing.
Other exon or intron regions remained non-mutated from the remaining seven counties. Single (L840F), double (I836L, E837K), and triple novel point mutations (V875L, Q876P, S879V) the last involving two concomitant allelic substitutions were discovered in the second and third exon regions of head louse DNA on chromosome II from three (30%) counties. Sequence analysis showed that the sodium channel genes in the pooled ectoparasites had two intron and three exon regions. Samples were investigated by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and the amplicon was subsequently sequenced. Following species identification with valid entomological keys, 350 (68%) out of 514 randomly collected adult head lice were analyzed after their somatic genomic DNA extraction using Sinaclon kit. The specimens were screened in 10 pools (each pool per county containing 35 specimens), with three pools (30%) being positive. Head lice were collected using plastic detection combs on girls enrolled in public schools from 10 counties in Fars province. The aim of this study was to investigate kdr gene mutations on voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) among wild head lice samples from Fars province, southern Iran. Molecular characterization of this resistance has a crucial impact on selecting appropriate treatment protocol. Reduced sensitivity to treatment due to genetic mutations, in particular knockdown resistance (kdr) (or target site insensitivity) allele, has led to this infestation prevalence. Comprehensive molecular biology application that sports extensive documentation toolsīesides all the tools that can help you simulate various procedures and analyze the results, SnapGene also packs exhaustive documentation capabilities that record all your steps.Īll the information can be exported to the GenBank file format, to other formats compatible with similar applications, and even to image files for easy sharing.Human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 (Anoplura: Pediculidae), is one of the most frequent ectoparasites infesting Homo sapiens worldwide. This way, you can design primers to be used when simulating various procedures. Last but not least, SnapGene includes thermodynamic algorithms that can be employed to determine duplex alignments and melting temperatures. The latter function is extremely useful if you need to identify viable enzyme sets. All your steps while performing a particular procedure are automatically documented, so you will have a clear log of all your steps.įurthermore, SnapGene can be used to generate agarose gel simulations, or to highlight the sites that are tampered with by methylation. SnapGene integrates support for in-fusion cloning, Gibson assembly procedures, restriction cloning, and PCR and Mutagenesis. Process the data by employing specific methods The application can highlight the potential Open Reading Frames on its own, but also allows you to adjust the parameters for more accurate results. Moreover, SnapGene integrates various customization options and allows you to view specific segments, to change the directionality or the color tags. The application is following the GenBank standards when it comes to generating the representations. Within the SnapGene user interface, you get to visualize the DNA sequence structure. View, document and annotate DNA sequences
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Moreover, you can also use the free SnapGene Viewer utility to share the results with your colleagues.
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The data can then by exported to file formats compatible with other popular software solutions designed to work with DNA sequences. SnapGene is a versatile molecular biology software that enables you to documents DNA constructs without having to deal with complicated tools or workflows.
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